History and Development of Akoya Cultured Pearls in Zhanjiang,China

[Bigwellpearls]

From the last century 50's, in Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi Cultured Pearl and other development, pilot production of artificial Akoya pearl cultivation success, creating a pearl of China's artificial breeding history. Pearl 1964, production from small-scale trials into mass production, the province has established a Higashiyama, O Tau, Huidong, Xuwen, Suixi, Lingshui, Beihai, Fangcheng, 9 East, state-run Akoya pearl market. After several decades of development, Xuwen become an important place of origin. In 1991 the province produced 6,170 kg beads, in which the communist Hoi Chu Xuwen County and 4,477 kg, accounting for 72.56%. I had had a size of 572 pearl farms, the farmer, household 1292, 280 million cultured pearl, there are 23 hatcheries hatchery,Haikang main producing areas for the county and Xuwen County, but are basically concentrated in the quicksand of the harbor. Cultured pearl is mainly Markov pearl shell and white dish (sterile large pearls). Pearl nursery technology and the successful cultivation of a large pearl, cultured pearl industry development in China has created favorable conditions. South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute and the relevant units of co-operation with the pearl farm, shell white butterfly education to carry out pilot production of large pearls, after eight years of research trials, and finally in 1981 the first Chinese to successfully grow a diameter of 19 × 15.5 mm, weighing 6 grams of large pearls. In 1982 they bred in diameter 19 × 16 mm, weight 6.85 grams of the second large pearl stars. 1987 communist large pearl 3000, the largest of a diameter of 25 × 30 mm, weight 15 grams, worth $ 8,700. White butterfly shell pearl cultivation technology of artificial success, won the 1987 National Science and Technology Progress Award.
In the new period of development, Zhanjiang pearl industry also rose to a new level, Zhanjiang pearl old retreat her veil to show the world the beautiful luster. More and more people realize pearls, pearl understanding. Zhanjiang, the local pearl industry is opened up broad prospects for development. Let us work together to explore the history of Zhanjiang pearl culture and current status.

From the Song Dynasty Zhaoqing, "Duan", the three Ray "Pearl" (c mine is mine the ancient name state capital, especially the three counties in the state capital Lei Lei Suixi the North, in Leihai Kang and Nanlei Xuwen) and Taishan "Jade "on a regular basis to be called as a special tribute the three specialties of local court in Guangdong

First, Zhanjiang pearl's history and culture
(A) long history of Zhanjiang pearl

China is the world's first cultured pearl in the country. 4,000 years ago, "Sea History • Postscript", the Emperor Yu have given on the records of pearls as a tribute: "East China Sea fish be fish heads, fish leather chi Jane South China Sea Great Bay." We reviewed the literature of other ancient books such as "The Book of Songs," "Mountains and Seas," "Ya," "Book" and have a record of sea pearls.

The first is Zhanjiang pearl of the property, according to "Historical Records • Merchant Biography" records, as early as the Han Dynasty in 111 BC, from Hepu to Hepu Xuwen County North Bay County on the verge of rich pearls. At that time Xuwen County (jurisdiction throughout the entire Leizhou Peninsula) and are Hepu Hepu County, so the production of pearls counties referred to as "Hepu pearls." Qu Qing Dynasty were written in the mid-Qing Emperor Kangxi "Guangdong new language," a book written: "The name on Hepu pearl beads," "pearl from the mine, inexpensive to Cochin, Trinidad six-pool" (which means pearl origin in Xuwen, Leizhou to Lianzhou Hepu County waters in the Tonkin Gulf area, where there are six natural products Zhuchi). The legacy of ancient Hepu County, according to the "Qing Yi Tong Zhi", "Han Xuwen County home for Hepu Gunji", and the Qing dynasty, the "clean state capital records," "the Han Hepu Hepu County, County, Gunji Xuwen, after the Han To Hepu Gunji. " Most research in this area based on historical experts "Qing Yi Tong Zhi" the historical argument, "the Western Han Dynasty in Xuwen Hepu Gunji," and the "Han gun records," the style, the inference "Han" Since the Xuwen as Hepu County, the county first, Xuwen is the Gunji. Another access to the "Old Tang Book • Geography" in the record: "the first year of Yuan Feng Han, emissary from Xuwen Nanru Hai, was continent, south and north of a thousand things, a little thought Zhuya, Dan ear Erjun." To that Gunji Hepu County home when the Western Han Dynasty, Gunji in Xuwen County, the Eastern Han Dynasty when the shift Governing Hepu County. Followed by the subsequent establishment and named Zhu Ya-gun, press the "Han" should Shao Note: "Erjun in the ocean, Yaan the edge. A pearl, Gu Yue Zhu Ya." This point of view, " Zhu Ya "from" the edge of the county in the sea Yaan, a pearl ", named" Zhu Ya ", named after the rare property Zhuya pearls at a time when Zhuya County Gunji is located in Xuwen County, this remote Link Hainan. Learned from the last, at least 2,000 years ago the local Leizhou been known for its rich sea water pearls, and pearls, and local Leizhou Peninsula as early as the time of the ancient Marine Silk Road is an important trade product.


Leizhou Peninsula as a sword to separate the vast South China Sea, where the unique climate and ocean conditions. Therefore, in this land of Zhanjiang pearl producing both its round, shiny, bright and clear, and Ling, elegant ball, bright color, luster and magnificent and famous.

Since the Ming Dynasty Hongwu Kaiyuan (1368), Leizhou way to mine the capital and Hepu County, the peninsula has been eliminated. Leizhou Peninsula before fame, and is today the northern Gulf Hepu the only place to keep name. Imperial County after the world through beads were Hepu world crown will be referred to as Hepu pearl beads, pearl origin will therefore simply say Hepu County. In fact, rich in ancient and modern tribute to the origin of Royal beads in ancient Hepu County Leizhou Peninsula, including Guangxi Autonomous County is one of Hepu County produced a small bead. In fact, after the Ming Dynasty had a lot of historical documents in a number of pearls produced Leizhou reads: If, according to (Ming) Zhang Han: "Song window dream language" (bound volume) Volume 4 "merchants discipline" on page 81 mind, "the Ming Dynasty to produce a small pearl Leiqiong known for, the quality is very high, then the capital had" sufficient buildings and curios surplus equipment box "scenes, and" most of the party of your jade beads Leiqiong, Yunnan Gold, the more Green. " sixteenth century, Portuguese colonists Tome Pires also spoke Leiqiong • "There are a lot of small pearls." Ming Dynasty "Qiongzhou records," Volume 8 "Hai Yi" in the mind: the pearl has become Leiqiong region Southeast Asian market in the best-selling items, so much favored by pirates. According to (Ming) Hu Guang waiting for: "Ming Kenso Record" Volume 92 "fully integrated E June Wang G," noted article: Other pirates often swept Kou Lei, Joan Zhuchi, such as fully integrated seven years (1471) two-masted ship to pay to drive to the mine, the government stole two fishing Zhuchi Joan.



As for the pearl farming methods, was also published in 1167 written by Song Pang Yuanying "Wenchang Miscellany," recorded in the first cultured pearls law: "There is a raised bead method with this pearl of the fraud, those who choose light Ying rounded, take larger mussels, clams, in order to clear flooding, servers, its opening, anxious to throw beads. frequency change of water, nights in mid-set, clams, mussels play Yuet Wah, Chu Serve this fall by two carry on. " The breeding method and modern pearl technology is very similar. Artificial breeding of pearls of ancient technology, the 18th century and 19th century Europe before being transmission.


(B) the unique culture of Akoya Pearl in Zhanjiang

Mother of pearl have a suitable living environment for its ecological habits, or will be made to the death. To Markov pearl is grown mainly in tropical and subtropical waters. The sea here, in addition to Leizhou climate, soil, water, and so the natural conditions for the growth of mother of pearl, there is a unique geographical environment, that is, as a sword to Leizhou the vast South China Sea separates, where climate and ocean exceptional conditions. Therefore, in this land of Zhanjiang pearl producing both its round, shiny, bright and clear, and Ling, elegant ball, bright color, luster and magnificent and famous.

And unique natural environmental conditions, the course of time is the essence of the formation of the Zhanjiang pearl, the pearl culture quite thick deposits. Zhanjiang City is located in this example, Suixi County, northwest coast, history, fans have been in this setting SHAXIAN (see "Suixi County • fan Shaxian home"). However, this title is now only visible in the history of literature can also obscure the scope of its administrative regions, with the exception of the Eastern Han Dynasty Hepu Prefecture is Mon Sheong called "sea out of jewelry" in the dark, and the local people The pearl oyster is still called the sea, and to witness a period of nearly seven thousand years of history. According to "Guangdong new language," says: "The of the orchestra pit Leizhou, Gaozhou fortress (now Lianjiang County) Ma pools, old prolific Pearl," said the pearl beads produced, round Baiguang Ying, small size, known as " West than the East Pearl beads, pearl East beads as "reputation. Production, but diving catch, the World that the "Pearl Fishers." Since the Han Dynasty, the pearl without a break in the historical records in local records.

(To be continued )

[Bigwellpearls]

(Continued) Song Five Dynasties and Ten States to produce both strong in Hepu County, Pearl, yield unprecedented. Song Kai Bao five years (972 years), which brought peace Lingnan, Prohibition of pearl, pearl resources was taken on the protection policy.

Fourteen years from the Ming Yongle (1416), Yongle Emperor Zhu Di of the state capital to set up offices in the mine, "Dahir tribute Leizhou mining pearls, and ordered the guard to the music within the Zhuchi." Can be seen at the time specified in Zhanjiang pearl has become a tribute by the imperial court. According to historical records on: the time, the court set in the mine field of the Secretary state capital, opening up "of the music Pearl Field" (now Suixi County, 58 km southwest of town then the music people at the city, also known as Pearl City), for Sung Wong collecting pearls. In order to prevent banditry, to twenty Hongwu years (1394), the first Ming emperor ordered built Anlu Hou Wujie pearl city here in prison. Is the time, thanks to the local tax levy and the "pumping D" Building, Pearl City. Within a radius of fifty miles, household smoke a Ding, Ding households were without money to pay labor; servitude by rain and sun, day and night without downtime, but also struck by the whipping stick, many people died. Urban beads for a few years, people complained. Grievances for the interest the emperor emperor, hair that grows on the recognition of the completion of Pearl City. Including "Wing-lok, CAS," the sentence, then take one of the official censor "Music Man," the word named Pearl City as "Music Man City." Three of the city facing the sea side with the land, a radius of about one li. Two outside the city moat dug. Each 12 meters wide, 5 meters deep. Perimeter wall of 1000 meters, 6 meters high, 4 meters thick. Brick, four each have one. Guarding the site of the former government office is still faintly visible. Stone blocking the sea in 1972, most of the walls have been destroyed, the remaining Simon.

According to the old "Suixi County" contains, after the completion of Pearl City, the Ming Dynasty provides for an annual contribution to a bucket beads. If not paid in full and hold the responsibility to guard officials; defenders 300 troops to the palace eunuchs to keep officer. According to "Ray state capital" carries the Ming Yongle fourteen years (1416) Chao-pearl to Wanli thirty-four years (1609) ended the first removal of pearl, nearly two hundred years, a large forcing people to rebel two events: Masanori five years (1510), by keeping cattle Zhuchi eunuch Zheng Rong Wang harsh convergence relies on the potential to commit embezzlement and injure people, triggered a public revolt beads; Masanori fourteen years (1519), Zhuchi keep eunuchs Lan-Rong more Xiongheng than cattle, killing innocent people falsely prefect, and aroused the beads against the people again. Lok Man Pearl City Kai Bao from Song to Qing Daoguang years ending last abandoned, except sometimes recoverable due to excessive and without beads, but were driven off as the Pearl of about 900 emperors. Old "Suixi County" in the "Pearl Fishers Ballad" is that the people of the "Pearl Fishers" complaint of blood and tears. From "History of Ming Dynasty" contained in the Guangdong and Guangxi governor recall Lin Ming Huang Fu Shuqing Pearl's memorial, but also the evident visible damage pearl: "Battle of pearl five years, more than fifty people dead, was only eighty-two beads, and the world that Yi Chu people, fear of people today, easy to beads, Yibukede. "
Zhanjiang, a rich pearl Since ancient times, known for historical and cultural point of view from the record set, and its long history and culture, Zhanjiang pearl makes other products can not be replaced with the local Humane brand effect. In this regard, it should carry out a series of publicity and education, people who are aware of pearls, pearl maintenance to be proud of Zhanjiang rich pearl.

Second, Zhanjiang pearl artificial breeding experiment and its achievements
(A) Development Overview

In 1958, Chairman Mao visited the Guangdong Museum of Fisheries, said: "Social workers who worked hard old emperor tribute pearl, and now we planted beads to socialism, to serve the people." Zhou Enlai and other leaders also issued instructions to "get the pearl upswing, should be changed for thousands of years of artificial breeding of natural catching beads." This year, Jiang Hong Kong Office Suixi people from three pearl farms, Zhanjiang City it began to pearl farming industry. There martensii 1960 8000, 1961, all closed.


Pearl runs through the entire history of Leizhou Peninsula, the history of the pearl industry was an important local industry, once alone with agriculture, fisheries, trade, sugar and salt together to build a golden era for the past Leizhou

November 1965, Communist party secretary Meng Xiande Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang Fisheries College president, the famous pearl expert Professor Xiong Daren rate areas, a comprehensive study of aquatic Office Technician Leizhou Peninsula coast, found the flow Haven Leizhou Peninsula area south of cultured pearls conditions are unique advantages and can be comparable with the Mie Prefecture of Japan, it is envisaged to flow Haven accomplishing China's "Pearl City." Pearls rise again. Since 1966 have to do Sha Zhanjiang pearl farm flow (ie Xuwen pearl farms), Mai Chen Xuwen pearl farm commune, commune Xuwen pearl farm outside the Law, state Suixi Shek Kok pearl farm, pearl farm Haikang County Battalion quicksand other five large pearl farm pearl farm. The spring of 1967, Zhanjiang pearl farm Haven flow (ie Xuwen pearl farms) for the first time nucleus inserted pearl, the city officially began the history of artificial pearls. July, the first artificial breeding of Markov pearl streams in Zhanjiang pearl farm Haven (Xuwen pearl farm) is successful, laid the cornerstone of pearl factory nursery for the development of cultured pearls has played an active role. But the time when the "Cultural Revolution" period, the new pearl farming industry is facing doom. The spring of 1968, pearl farm Shek Kok flow into Sandy Bay Xuwen pearl farm in 1969 outside the Law Commune Xuwen Pearl pearl farm or even thrown into the sea to all, who dissolve, then the field is more in name only.

(To be continued )

[Bigwellpearls]

( Continued )Into the 70's, the development of pearl farming has been restored. Zhanjiang municipal territory in 1970, today, 8 pearl, the pearl production of 55 kg. Issued in 1971, the CPC must take Zhanjiang pearl prefectural boost the instructions, November 26 to 30, regional forestry, water front, in Foreign Trade Bureau jointly held the region in Xiashan forum pearl production, conscientiously sum up the experience pearl learned and organizations to develop the implementation of development plans pearl for pearl production has brought a turning point. This year, this Zhanjiang pearl farm development to municipal environment 15, employing 600 people, with more than 800 million pearl oysters, pearl producing 70 kg. In the meantime, Haikang County has also established the first pearl farm, and began production of freshwater pearls. May 1972, the state-funded loans to 80 million Zhanjiang pearl production areas, the new hatchery pool across the region of 300 cubic meters, buying a large tank of more than 1,000 ports, the construction of nucleus inserted Room 500 square meters, expansion of aquaculture space of 200 mu, and acquisition, adding to a group of drag Tony net, storage tank, bait tank. Pearl into the first-ever season. End of the year only, except this time Zhanjiang municipal environment Lianjiang County, the counties (districts) are operating a pearl farm, pearl farm to the rapid development of 52, employing 1265 people, with pearl 11,987,000 (of which pearl shell 409,000), when the plug shell just over 280,000, more than 66 kilos of pearl production. Which is the fastest growing counties Haikang, pearl farm increased from last year's 6 24, employing 660 people, nearly 8.6 million owner Tony became the focus of Zhanjiang pearl County. In 1973, the pearl farming research activities are very active in the pearl hatch, nurture, inserted nuclear, food cultivation, pest control, such as shortening pearl cycle breakthrough, the production of a great promotion. Breeding sites, but the end result of aging, wind, flood control facilities are crude, the spread of disease, cold damage, and pearl too dead system (calendar for the foreign trade sector operators), the price is low, and no foreign exchange into, living beyond their means, financial difficulties and other factors pearl production began to stagnate, setbacks, the collapse of part of field tolls, most parks are facing the dilemma, difficult to support. November 15, 1976 statistics, this pearl farm in Zhanjiang municipal territory remaining 31, employing 772 people, owner Tony 8000000, pearl production 21.7 kg. In 1978, the pearl farm once again reduced to 22.
Pearl, alias tire beads, precious aquatic products. This is a pearl processing inside Xuwen pearl processing

After the Third Plenary Session of the CPC, pearl production gradually restored. In 1980, Hoi Commune eight counties north and a total of 16 farmers, self-financing of 7,000 yuan, office associate beginning of households (commonly known as the Commonwealth) pearl farm - Jinghai pearl farm, pearl shell 445,000, of which pearl Pui 6000, income of 3,800 yuan in 1981, encouraged by the enthusiasm of the masses. Since then, the state, collectives and individuals together under the guidance of the principle, pearl farming specialized households, the Commonwealth has emerged, pearl farm (group) around the coast of the country, the masses had become the climax of cultured pearls, pearl production ushered in the second peak. In 1984, the city restored to 32 pearl farm, owned 11 million shellfish, pearl production 104.5 kg, accounting for 46.4% of the province. Pearl production in 1985 reached 114 kg, accounting for two-thirds of national output. Since then, the pearl production continued substantial growth, pearls and their by-products processing industry has developed accordingly. Pearl production in 1988 exceeded 1 ton, 1989 exceeded 2 tons. In 1990, the city's pearl farm (group) development to 989, with more than 2,000 households in more than 5,000 labor pearls; with large Beckham more than 450 million only, pearl production 2916 kg, accounting for three-quarters of seafood pearls; have Nuclear Plant 2 beads, pearl necklace, earrings 54 processing plants, pearl shell powder processing plant 56. Formed a scale of parts of a pearl industry.

(B) seedling production

Before 1966, pearl shell source required, all by boat from the area Bailonggang Hepu Ying Pun to Sea trawler. The spring of 1967, Zhanjiang pearl farm Liushagang built nursery pool four 10 cubic meters. This year in July, technicians Zhang gradually Jia et al of the research group, in the CAS South China Sea Institute of gold Kai Zeng and Zhanjiang Fisheries Bureau Chenxing Ming, Li Shao Zhen, who help carry out Pinctada martensii Artificial Breeding and success, hatching emergence rate of 2%, bringing out spat 2.3 million, the first open Zhanjiang pearl breeding ground, later summed up the promotion of the technology, the use of tanks and other units have breeding containers, crude hatching success on spat to solve some of the beta source. 1969 to 1971, Haikang throughout North County village and commune in the province of Agriculture and Forestry Battalion water pearl farm service station front Aquatic Science and Technology Team (ie the South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute) under the guidance of scientific research personnel, the use of artificial heating method for Pinctada martensii Artificial Breeding of Winter (also known as the nursery in early spring) is successful, bringing out in 1971, 1.5 million spat, representing two-thirds of the amount of annual seedling. Soon, the technology in some key marketing, the Zhanjiang City martensii breeding season from early spring to winter, increasing production time and seed yield, seed production and broaden the channels. In 1972, the city's larger set of pearls artificially mastered the technology field, to achieve self-sufficiency in seeds and seedlings started to become suppliers. Gradually from the source of the city pearl oyster shell dredging of natural to artificial cultivation mainly based development. 1974 to 1976, the county Haikang pearl farm in the sand brigade Fisheries Research Institute (the South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute) mariculture in collaboration with research staff room, the father of the shell to white butterfly, as the female parent Pinctada martensii cross-breeding experiment to be successful. Hybrids in 1974, bringing out the individual 1260. 1975 out of 10,000 education and uses the first generation of hybrids in 1974, Tony and again martensii hybridization, hybrids were only 3 million second-generation individuals, the second generation hybrids in 1976 were more than 130 million individuals. Hybrid generation with more martensii fast growth, quick attachment, living strong, early advantages. The trial of the success of the pearl oyster species in Zhanjiang City, from 1 to 2 of development.


Pearl is a key link in the gill flap certain external conditions stimulated the formation of nacre secreted similar to the fixed particulate.
After 1977, artificial incubation technique has been widely circulated, pearl spat all from artificial seed. In addition to new office off, the basic unit of the culture is bred self-support, the main varieties still martensii based, still in use. In 1990, the city has a pearl oyster hatchery hatcheries 20 seedlings, nursery water 3116 m3, the annual capacity of over 400 million seedlings only.

(C) production technology

Pearl production process mainly consists of a hatchery breeding (or drag fishing spat), Beckham bred, bred in the shell, large shellfish breeding, nucleus inserted, pearl shell management, collection of beads and other seven processes.

(D) disease control

Medium and large shell and pearl shell in the incubation process, more often caterpillar types of biological (pests Talented thieves beta) attached to the shell, the secretion of acid corrosion of a biological shell black hole, causing damage and death of the adductor muscle, the average death rate of up to 60% or more, commonly known as black heart liver disease, is Markov pearl the most harmful disease in a worldwide epidemic. After 1973, pandemic disease, a serious threat to pearl production. The spring of 1974, Zhanjiang pearl farm flow Haven (Xuwen pearl farms) researchers, in the South China Sea Institute Wubo Tang, Hsieh Yu-Hom, Jiang Weiguo assistance and other technical personnel to carry out research on disease prevention through screening, identification, with 22 degree of saturation of 25 Baume brine (water temperature 30 ℃ or less) treatment can shell disease in 93% ~ 100% more caterpillars body to death, save 75% of the patients shellfish from death. In the same year into production in summer, more than 81% insecticidal effect, the basic control of the spread of the disease, making China the world after Japan, the second treatment can be successfully controlled the disease state.
( To be continued)

[Bigwellpearls]

(Continued) E) of the pearl industry in China who have made outstanding contributions
1, Xiong Daren （熊大仁先生）: China Pearl, founder of the modern man

Mr. Xiong Daren, in 1931 admitted to the Department of Biology, College of Fudan University, Shanghai. 1935 went to study in Japan, was recommended without examination into the Imperial University in Kyoto, Japan Department of Zoology, as graduate students. July 1938, the outbreak of the Japanese invasion of China, Xiong Daren angry, decided to terminate the learning home. After he returned home, by appointment of Lecturer Department of Biology, Fudan University in Shanghai. Appointed chairman of Guangdong Provincial Arts and in 1941 Professor of Biology. The following year, published "The General Theory of plankton." In 1955, the Zoological Society of China was elected chairman of Guangdong Provincial Branch. In 1956, the editor of the "general biology" was published. In 1958, Jinan University in Guangzhou, the school, was appointed Head of Fisheries for the school. In 1958, Xiong Daren reference to the relevant information in Japan, written as "Pearl of the culture," a book published. The book from the pearl oyster ecology, the causes of pearls, pearl farming operations to the operation of the technical requirements of each process are discussed in a systematic and detailed, it is the first monograph on the pearl. The artificial cultivation of pearls, pearl create first nuclear, then it is inserted into the appropriate parts of the pearl. Bear and technicians, the workers together, after several repeated tests, breaking through the technical difficulties. In 1960, under the guidance of his, and finally in the North Sea pearl farms in China to successfully breed the first batch of artificial seawater nuclear pearls. As a result, Xiong Daren artificial pearl culture of modern China's founder.

From 1975 to 1978, he has published "the death of Tony martensii Problems and Solutions," "Pearl of the quality and the factors affecting the quality", "Environmental conditions and activities of Ma Pui and Management", "Nine species of large pearl in the pearl breeding method "and many other papers. In 1978, Xiong Daren was elected vice president of China Society of Fisheries. In 1979, the Zhanjiang Fisheries College of Zhanjiang Fisheries College to upgrade, Bear was appointed professor, vice president and president. In 1979 he proposed "factory pearl," the idea that in the indoor training pro-shell to the output from the whole process of pearl cultivation of artificial large-scale and pilot in the study room, to the won initial success. Xiong Daren also for the development of the cause of the motherland has trained thousands of pearl farming expertise. He has held many pearls training courses, free of charge around the pearl farm for training technical personnel. He often went to the pearl farms around, teach new technologies to improve the skill level of the on-site staff, so that China's pearl production and exports continue to grow. In 1980, China's pearl output and exports more than Japan, ranked first in the world. Xiong Daren build China into a "pearl Kingdom" ideal into a reality. September 9, 1981 died due to myocardial infarction in Zhanjiang.

2, Deng Chenmao: Promoting training and the promotion of local pearl culture

Dengchen Mao, Guangdong Xuwen, 1976 graduated from the Department of Aquaculture, Zhanjiang Fisheries College. Pearl has been engaged in research work later than 30 years, has participated in and chaired the national, provincial and municipal research projects focus on more than 10. Dengchen Mao presided over a long pearl research work, he was responsible for the "production of artificial breeding Pinctada maxima" project, acceptance by the Office of Higher Education of Guangdong, China ranks first in production. Presided over the 1990 -1992 research project "martensii trial of preoperative treatment," the success of pearl quality has improved significantly, production increased 52.3%. Over the years, he produced the first line in depth, to do technical and promotional efforts to improve sea Zhanjiang pearl production (first in the country) to make a significant contribution. Presided over Zhanjiang City, after the key scientific research projects - 988 Cham science and technology projects "to establish breeding penguin pearl demonstration and extension base." 1999 "The water pearl culture technology, research and extension" by the Guangdong Provincial Agricultural Technology Promotion Award Award. Senior engineer (professor), Guangdong Ocean University, deputy director of Pearl Research, the Chinese shellfish Society, Association of Zhanjiang pearl, pearl farming is mainly engaged in marine research. Published monograph, "pearl cultivation and processing techniques," "seafood and shellfish aquaculture," presided over the preparation of local standards of Guangdong Province "martensii culture technical specifications" 6 standard, applied for patent 3. Zhanjiang Fisheries College has served as Deputy Director of Pearl Research, pearl testing station, Zhanjiang Ocean University, Culture and Exhibition Centre pearls, pearl Gemmological Association of China vice chairman of professional, senior engineer.


Since the last century, 90 years, Zhanjiang pearl spat water the country's total annual output of more than 90% seawater pearl (pearl) annual production of about 70% about the country, sea pearls, processing, sales accounting for more than 70% . This is a pearl processing inside Xuwen Pearl initial processing of workers being

Yongxin,Xie a leading farmer, but the financial turmoil that he suffered heavy losses, a time heavily in debt. But the most valuable is the pearl king can come back and again put his energies into the line of work - water pearl cultivation and processing, and Xie, 2007 Novel abandoned shrimp ponds in a bold attempt to cultured pearls. The exploration test, the pearl into the hundreds of the pond plants. Bottles suspended by suspension means pearl oyster raising, the first pool in the plant within the cultivation of pearls, 10 days later into the pond, just plug to avoid the waves of the impact of the nuclear-of-pearl, pearl survival rate can reach 80% to 90%, increased four percent. Also established a complete system engineering: from the parent shell of the filter, to the incubation beads seedlings, cultivation, nucleus inserted after "resting" until the food provided as pearl raise pool algae and microorganisms, etc., all sectors of science closely . The pond water pearls, both high quality, and environmental protection, in the province and the country is a new attempt. This is of great benefit to enhancing the quality of Akoya pearl.

[Marianne]

This is very interesting. You have certainly done a lot of research. Thank you for sharing.
Marianne

[Lagoon Island Pearls]

This is very interesting. You have certainly done a lot of research.

Yes, an interesting read. Despite the language barriers, it's a nice historical/cultural perspective.

[georgwiesauer]

Dear Sirs,
I am just writing a book on china and his pearl history, so is allowed to use some of your informaiton in my book?

if yes, please give me your fool adress, name and email-adress.

also would be happy for any information about chiese pearls and also to get picutes about it, if it was allowed to print in my book (copyright!).

have also a lot of other informaiton to share with you on other hand.

Georg Wiesauer, 8010 Graz,Austria Stempfergasse 10 email: info@wiesauer.at
F.G.A., F.G.G.

(Continued) E) of the pearl industry in China who have made outstanding contributions
1, Xiong Daren （熊大仁先生）: China Pearl, founder of the modern man

Mr. Xiong Daren, in 1931 admitted to the Department of Biology, College of Fudan University, Shanghai. 1935 went to study in Japan, was recommended without examination into the Imperial University in Kyoto, Japan Department of Zoology, as graduate students. July 1938, the outbreak of the Japanese invasion of China, Xiong Daren angry, decided to terminate the learning home. After he returned home, by appointment of Lecturer Department of Biology, Fudan University in Shanghai. Appointed chairman of Guangdong Provincial Arts and in 1941 Professor of Biology. The following year, published "The General Theory of plankton." In 1955, the Zoological Society of China was elected chairman of Guangdong Provincial Branch. In 1956, the editor of the "general biology" was published. In 1958, Jinan University in Guangzhou, the school, was appointed Head of Fisheries for the school. In 1958, Xiong Daren reference to the relevant information in Japan, written as "Pearl of the culture," a book published. The book from the pearl oyster ecology, the causes of pearls, pearl farming operations to the operation of the technical requirements of each process are discussed in a systematic and detailed, it is the first monograph on the pearl. The artificial cultivation of pearls, pearl create first nuclear, then it is inserted into the appropriate parts of the pearl. Bear and technicians, the workers together, after several repeated tests, breaking through the technical difficulties. In 1960, under the guidance of his, and finally in the North Sea pearl farms in China to successfully breed the first batch of artificial seawater nuclear pearls. As a result, Xiong Daren artificial pearl culture of modern China's founder.

From 1975 to 1978, he has published "the death of Tony martensii Problems and Solutions," "Pearl of the quality and the factors affecting the quality", "Environmental conditions and activities of Ma Pui and Management", "Nine species of large pearl in the pearl breeding method "and many other papers. In 1978, Xiong Daren was elected vice president of China Society of Fisheries. In 1979, the Zhanjiang Fisheries College of Zhanjiang Fisheries College to upgrade, Bear was appointed professor, vice president and president. In 1979 he proposed "factory pearl," the idea that in the indoor training pro-shell to the output from the whole process of pearl cultivation of artificial large-scale and pilot in the study room, to the won initial success. Xiong Daren also for the development of the cause of the motherland has trained thousands of pearl farming expertise. He has held many pearls training courses, free of charge around the pearl farm for training technical personnel. He often went to the pearl farms around, teach new technologies to improve the skill level of the on-site staff, so that China's pearl production and exports continue to grow. In 1980, China's pearl output and exports more than Japan, ranked first in the world. Xiong Daren build China into a "pearl Kingdom" ideal into a reality. September 9, 1981 died due to myocardial infarction in Zhanjiang.

2, Deng Chenmao: Promoting training and the promotion of local pearl culture

Dengchen Mao, Guangdong Xuwen, 1976 graduated from the Department of Aquaculture, Zhanjiang Fisheries College. Pearl has been engaged in research work later than 30 years, has participated in and chaired the national, provincial and municipal research projects focus on more than 10. Dengchen Mao presided over a long pearl research work, he was responsible for the "production of artificial breeding Pinctada maxima" project, acceptance by the Office of Higher Education of Guangdong, China ranks first in production. Presided over the 1990 -1992 research project "martensii trial of preoperative treatment," the success of pearl quality has improved significantly, production increased 52.3%. Over the years, he produced the first line in depth, to do technical and promotional efforts to improve sea Zhanjiang pearl production (first in the country) to make a significant contribution. Presided over Zhanjiang City, after the key scientific research projects - 988 Cham science and technology projects "to establish breeding penguin pearl demonstration and extension base." 1999 "The water pearl culture technology, research and extension" by the Guangdong Provincial Agricultural Technology Promotion Award Award. Senior engineer (professor), Guangdong Ocean University, deputy director of Pearl Research, the Chinese shellfish Society, Association of Zhanjiang pearl, pearl farming is mainly engaged in marine research. Published monograph, "pearl cultivation and processing techniques," "seafood and shellfish aquaculture," presided over the preparation of local standards of Guangdong Province "martensii culture technical specifications" 6 standard, applied for patent 3. Zhanjiang Fisheries College has served as Deputy Director of Pearl Research, pearl testing station, Zhanjiang Ocean University, Culture and Exhibition Centre pearls, pearl Gemmological Association of China vice chairman of professional, senior engineer.


Since the last century, 90 years, Zhanjiang pearl spat water the country's total annual output of more than 90% seawater pearl (pearl) annual production of about 70% about the country, sea pearls, processing, sales accounting for more than 70% . This is a pearl processing inside Xuwen Pearl initial processing of workers being

Yongxin,Xie a leading farmer, but the financial turmoil that he suffered heavy losses, a time heavily in debt. But the most valuable is the pearl king can come back and again put his energies into the line of work - water pearl cultivation and processing, and Xie, 2007 Novel abandoned shrimp ponds in a bold attempt to cultured pearls. The exploration test, the pearl into the hundreds of the pond plants. Bottles suspended by suspension means pearl oyster raising, the first pool in the plant within the cultivation of pearls, 10 days later into the pond, just plug to avoid the waves of the impact of the nuclear-of-pearl, pearl survival rate can reach 80% to 90%, increased four percent. Also established a complete system engineering: from the parent shell of the filter, to the incubation beads seedlings, cultivation, nucleus inserted after "resting" until the food provided as pearl raise pool algae and microorganisms, etc., all sectors of science closely . The pond water pearls, both high quality, and environmental protection, in the province and the country is a new attempt. This is of great benefit to enhancing the quality of Akoya pearl.